This page reviews, in chart form, the information you should have accumulated on the primary hormones secreted by each endocrine gland and the effects of each hormones. (F.Y.I.- Following each chart is a link to a web page that reviews the effects of abnormal secretion of these hormones.) The following gland are included:

HYPOPHYSIS - PITUITARY

HYPOPHYSIS REGIONS	HORMONE	EFFECT
PARS DISTALIS	growth hormone - GH	stimulates protein synthesis and growth
	ACTH	stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce the glucocorticoids
	TSH	stimulates the thyroid to produce and secrete thyroxin
	FSH	- in females, stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary and their production of estrogen - in males, stimulates spermatogenesis
	LH (ICSH)	in females, stimulates ovulation, the formation of the corpus luteum and the production of progesterone by the corpus luteum in males, stimulates the production of testosterone by the interstitial cells
	prolactin	in females, stimulates the production of milk by mammary gland
PARS INTERMEDIA	MSH	no known effect
PARS NERVOSA	ADH	stimulates the kidneys to retain water
	oxytocin	in females, stimulates contraction during parturition and milk ejection by the mammary glands

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THYROID GLAND

HORMONE	EFFECT
thyroxin	controls the BMR (basal metabolic rate - cell respiration) stimulates growth and development
calcitonin	stimulates deposition of calcium into bone (by the osteoclasts)

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PARATHYROID GLAND

HORMONE	EFFECTS
PTH	promotes an increase in calcium ion concentration in the blood by activating the osteoclasts in bones and stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb calcium

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PANCREAS

HORMONE	EFFECTS
insulin	stimulates cellular uptake of glucose and the formation of glycogen and fat
glucagon	stimulates cellular hydrolysis (breakdown) of glycogen

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ADRENAL GLAND

HORMONE	EFFECT
aldosterone	acts on the kidneys and their retention of Na+ (ultimate result is retention of water)
cortisol	acts to make sugar available for cellular respiration during stress
epinephrine norepinephrine	"fight or flight" hormone causes increases in heart rate, heart output, blood pressure, respiratory rate, metabolic rate

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THYMUS

HORMONE	EFFECT
thymosin	appears to be essential in the proper development of the immune system

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PINEAL GLAND

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OVARY*

HORMONE	EFFECT
estrogens	secreted by the developing follicles - it influences maturation of the sex organs and development of secondary sex characteristics in females and effects growth of the endometrium of the uterus during the menstrual cycle
progesterone	secreted by the corpus luteum - it influences the development of the endometrium

* see the pituitary hormones FSH and LH as they influence the production of the estrogen and progesterone

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TESTIS*

HORMONE	EFFECT
testosterone	secreted by the interstitial cells - in males it influences the development and maintenance of the sex organs and development of secondary sex characteristics

* see the pituitary hormone LH for its effect on the production of testosterone and FSH for its effect on spermatogenesis

All micrographs are the property of Sherri Wick. Students of Biology 2740 and 2840 are welcome to use this page in the study and review of lecture and lab materials in the Human Physiology and Anatomy courses.

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